As in the lesson, # marks an expected form that is not actually found in the surviving literature. Numbered notes carry over through all the tables. In all tables for dyvod the first column uses the stem d(y)- and the second uses do-.
Present | Present | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+a+af | deuaf | do+a+af | doaf2 |
2s | d(y)+a+ei | deuy | do+a+ei | doy |
3s | d(y)+a+0 | daw1 | do+a+0 | do |
1p | d(y)+a+wn | deuwn | do+a+wn | down |
2p | d(y)+a+wch | deuwch | do+a+wch | dowch |
3p | d(y)+a+ant | deuant2 | do+a+ant | doant2 |
impersonal | d(y)+a+ir | deuir | do+a+ir | doir |
1 - This is simply irregular. (But what did you expect? It's the 3rd singular!)
2- The prefix only affects the vowel in the stem, not the "a" in the ending itself.
Imperfect | Imperfect | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+a+wn | deuwn | do+a+wn | down |
2s | d(y)+a+ud | deuut | do+a+ud | dout |
3s | d(y)+a+ei | deuei | do+a+ei | doei |
1p | d(y)+a+em | deuem# | do+a+em | doem |
2p | d(y)+a+ewch | deuewch# | do+a+ewch | doewch# |
3p | d(y)+a+ynt | deuynt | do+a+ynt | doynt# |
impersonal | d(y)+a+it | deuit# | do+a+it | doit# |
Preterite | Preterite | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+aeth+um | deuthum3 | do+aeth+um | doethum4 |
2s | d(y)+aeth+ost | deuthost | do+aeth+ost | doethost |
3s | d(y)+aeth+0 | deuth | do+aeth+0 | doeth |
1p | d(y)+aeth+am | deutham | do+aeth+am | doetham |
2p | d(y)+aeth+awch | deuthawch# | do+aeth+awch | doethawch |
3p | d(y)+aeth+ant | deuthant | do+aeth+ant | doethant |
impersonal | d(y)+aeth+pwyd | deuthpwyd | do+aeth+pwyd | doethpwyd |
3 - Note that you get deuth- not deueth- in this entire set. If it helps, recall that the past stem of myned sometimes appears as ath-.
4 - This group, however, behaves as if the past stem is aeth, thus do+aeth- > do+eth.
Perfect | Perfect | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+ath+wyf | deuthwyf#5 | do+ath+wyf | dothwyf6 |
2s | d(y)+ath+wyt | deuthwyt#5 | do+ath+wyt | dothwyt |
3s | d(y)+ath+yw | deuthyw#5 | do+ath+yw | dothyw |
1p | d(y)+ath+ym | deuthym#5 | do+ath+ym | dothym |
2p | d(y)+ath+ych | deuthych#5 | do+ath+ych | dothywch# |
3p | d(y)+ath+ynt | deuthynt#5 | do+ath+ynt | dothynt |
impersonal | ? (unattested) | ? (unattested) |
5 - No examples of this hypothetical set are found at all, so it should not be used.
6 - These forms are also found with dod- instead of doth-.
Pluperfect | Pluperfect | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+ath+oeddwn | 5 | do+ath+oeddwn | dothoeddwn#7 |
2s | d(y)+ath+oeddud | 5 | do+ath+oeddud | dothoeddud# |
3s | d(y)+ath+oedd | 5 | do+ath+oedd | dothoedd |
1p | d(y)+ath+oeddem | 5 | do+ath+oeddem | dothoeddem# |
2p | d(y)+ath+oeddewch | 5 | do+ath+oeddewch | dothoeddewch# |
3p | d(y)+ath+oeddynt | 5 | do+ath+oeddynt | dothoeddynt |
impersonal | d(y)+ath+oeddit | 5 | do+ath+oeddit | dothoeddit# |
7 - These forms are also found with "dath-" instead of "doth-"
Present Sbj. | Present Sbj. | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+el+h+wyf | del(h)wyf | do+el+h+wyf | 5 |
2s | d(y)+el+h+ych | del(h)ych | do+el+h+ych | 5 |
3s | d(y)+el+h+o | del(h)o# | do+el+h+o | 5 |
or | d(y)+el+h+0 | del | do+el+h+0 | 5 |
1p | d(y)+el+h+om | del(h)om# | do+el+h+om | 5 |
2p | d(y)+el+h+och | del(h)och# | do+el+h+och | 5 |
3p | d(y)+el+h+ont | del(h)ont | do+el+h+ont | 5 |
impersonal | d(y)+el+h+er | del(h)er | do+el+h+er | 5 |
Imperfect Sbj. | Imperfect Sbj. | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | d(y)+el+h+wn | del(h)wn | do+el+h+wn | 5 |
2s | d(y)+el+h+ud | del(h)ud | do+el+h+ud | 5 |
3s | d(y)+el+h+ei | del(h)ei | do+el+h+ei | 5 |
1p | d(y)+el+h+em | del(h)em# | do+el+h+em | 5 |
2p | d(y)+el+h+ewch | del(h)ewch | do+el+h+ewch | 5 |
3p | d(y)+el+h+ynt | del(h)ynt | do+el+h+ynt | 5 |
impersonal | d(y)+el+h+id | del(h)id# | do+el+h+id | 5 |
Imperative | Imperative | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | - | - | ||
2s | dabre, degle, dyret, dos 8 | |||
3s | d(y)+a+et | deuet | do+a+et | doet |
1p | d(y)+a+wn | deuwn# | do+a+wn | down |
2p | d(y)+a+wch | deuwch# | do+a+wch | dowch |
3p | d(y)+a+ent | deuent | do+a+ent | doent |
impersonal | ? (unattested) | ? (unattested) |
8 - These are all simply irregular. Note that dos can mean either "go!" or "come!".
Dyvod also has a consuetudinal present and past, as well as alternate forms of the preterite and subjunctives which are derived from the paradigm for bod. These will be discussed in the next lesson.
Present | Imperfect | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | gwn+a+af | gwnaf | gwn+a+wn | gwnawn |
2s | gwn+a+ei | gwney | gwn+a+ud | gwnaut |
3s | gwn+a+0 | gwna9 | gwn+a+ei | gwnaei |
1p | gwn+a+wn | gwnawn | gwn+a+em | gwnaem |
2p | gwn+a+wch | gwnewch* | gwn+a+ewch | gwnaewch |
3p | gwn+a+ant | gwnant | gwn+a+ynt | gwneynt* |
impersonal | gwn+a+ir | gwneir* | gwn+a+it | gwneit*# |
* Remember that these endings "raise" an "a" in the stem to an "e".
9 - Medieval literature provides a number of alternate forms for the 3rd singular, including: gwnelit, gwnahawd, gwneyd.
Preterite | ||
Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | gwn+aeth+um | gwneuthum* |
2s | gwn+aeth+ost | gwnaethost |
3s | gwn+aeth+0 | gwnaeth |
1p | gwn+aeth+am | gwnaetham |
2p | gwn+aeth+awch | gwnaethawch |
3p | gwn+aeth+ant | gwnaethant |
impersonal | gwn+aeth+pwyd | gwnaethpwyd |
Perfect | Pluperfect | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | gwn+ath+wyf | gwneddwyf10 | gwn+ath+oeddwn | gwnathoeddwn |
2s | gwn+ath+wyt | gwneddwyt | gwn+ath+oeddud | gwnathoeddud |
3s | gwn+ath+yw | gwneddyw | gwn+ath+oedd | gwnathoedd |
1p | gwn+ath+ym | gwneddym# | gwn+ath+oeddem | gwnathoeddem# |
2p | gwn+ath+ywch | gwneddywch# | gwn+ath+oeddewch | gwnathoeddewch# |
3p | gwn+ath+ynt | gwneddynt# | gwn+ath+oeddynt | gwnathoeddynt |
impersonal | ? (unattested) | gwn+ath+oeddit | gwnathoeddit |
10 - These are only found in a single, relatively late manuscript, so the difference between the expected gwnath- and what actually appears may be one of a particular dialect.
Present Sbj. | Imperfect Sbj. | |||
Stem+ending | Result | Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | gwn+el+h+wyf | gwnel(h)wyf | gwn+el+h+wn | gwnel(h)wn |
2s | gwn+el+h+ych | gwnel(h)ych | gwn+el+h+ud | gwnel(h)ud |
3s | gwn+el+h+o | gwnel(h)o# | gwn+el+h+ei | gwnel(h)ei |
or | gwn+el+h+0 | gwnel | ||
1p | gwn+el+h+om | gwnel(h)om# | gwn+el+h+em | gwnel(h)em# |
2p | gwn+el+h+och | gwnel(h)och | gwn+el+h+ewch | gwnel(h)ewch# |
3p | gwn+el+h+ont | gwnel(h)ont | gwn+el+h+ynt | gwnel(h)ynt |
impersonal | gwn+el+h+er | gwnel(h)er | gwn+el+h+id | gwnel(h)id |
Imperative | ||
Stem+ending | Result | |
1s | - | |
2s | gwna 11 | |
3s | gwn+a+et | gwnaet |
1p | gwn+a+wn | gwnawn |
2p | gwn+a+wch | gwnewch |
3p | gwn+a+ent | gwnaent |
impersonal | gwnel(h)er 12 |
11 - This is what would be predicted -- if, myned used the "regular" 2sg imperative a.
12 - This is the impersonal present subjunctive, borrowed for use as an imperative.
Gwneuthur also has an alternate set of preterite forms with a completely different stem. This will be discussed in lesson E.
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